Types of mango sorting machine
Mango sorting machines are used to sort and grade mangoes based on their size, color, weight, and other parameters. These machines are designed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the sorting process, which is essential for the quality control of mangoes. There are several types of mango sorting machines available in the market, and some of the most common ones are described below.
1. Conveyor Belt Sorting Machine: This type of machine uses a conveyor belt to transport the mangoes to the sorting area. The mangoes are then sorted based on their size, color, and weight. The machine can be adjusted to sort different sizes of mangoes, and it can handle a large volume of mangoes per hour.
2. Optical Sorting Machine: This type of machine uses advanced technology to sort mangoes based on their color, size, and shape. The machine uses cameras and sensors to detect the mangoes and sort them according to their quality. The machine can sort a large volume of mangoes per hour, and it is highly accurate.
3. Grading Machine: This type of machine is used to grade mangoes based on their weight. The machine uses a weighing scale to determine the weight of each mango and sorts them into different grades. The machine can be adjusted to sort different sizes of mangoes, and it can handle a large volume of mangoes per hour.
4. Picking Machine: This type of machine is used to pick mangoes from the trees. The machine uses a robotic arm to pick the mangoes and sort them based on their size and quality. The machine can pick a large volume of mangoes per hour, and it is highly efficient.
In conclusion, mango sorting machines are essential for the quality control of mangoes. They improve the efficiency and accuracy of the sorting process, and they can handle a large volume of mangoes per hour. The type of machine used depends on the specific needs of the user, and there are several types of machines available in the market to choose from.
Pros and Cons of Using mango sorting machine
Mango sorting machines are becoming increasingly popular in the agricultural industry due to their ability to sort and grade mangoes quickly and accurately. However, like any technology, there are both pros and cons to using these machines.
Pros:
1. Increased Efficiency: Mango sorting machines can sort and grade mangoes at a much faster rate than manual sorting, which can save time and increase productivity.
2. Improved Accuracy: These machines use advanced technology to sort mangoes based on size, color, and other factors, which can result in more accurate grading and sorting.
3. Reduced Labor Costs: By automating the sorting process, farmers can reduce their labor costs and allocate their resources more efficiently.
4. Consistency: Mango sorting machines can provide consistent results, which can help farmers maintain a high level of quality and consistency in their products.
5. Reduced Waste: By sorting mangoes based on their quality, these machines can reduce waste and ensure that only the best mangoes are sold to consumers.
Cons:
1. Initial Investment: Mango sorting machines can be expensive to purchase and maintain, which can be a barrier for small-scale farmers.
2. Technical Issues: Like any technology, these machines can experience technical issues, which can result in downtime and lost productivity.
3. Limited Flexibility: Mango sorting machines are designed to sort mangoes based on specific criteria, which can limit their flexibility and adaptability to changing market demands.
4. Maintenance Costs: These machines require regular maintenance and repairs, which can add to the overall cost of using them.
5. Lack of Personal Touch: Mango sorting machines lack the personal touch that manual sorting provides, which can be important for some consumers who value the human element in the production process.
In conclusion, mango sorting machines offer many benefits to farmers, including increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and reduced labor costs. However, they also come with some drawbacks, such as high initial investment costs and limited flexibility. Ultimately, the decision to use a mango sorting machine will depend on the specific needs and resources of each farmer.
mango sorting machine Reference Specifications (varies for different product)
The mango sorting machine is a specialized equipment designed to sort and grade mangoes based on their size, weight, color, and quality. The machine is equipped with advanced sensors and software that enable it to accurately identify and sort mangoes according to their unique characteristics.
The reference specifications of the mango sorting machine may vary depending on the specific product being sorted. However, some of the common specifications include:
1. Capacity: The machine can sort and grade a large number of mangoes per hour, ranging from 1000 to 5000 fruits per hour.
2. Sorting accuracy: The machine has a high sorting accuracy of up to 99%, ensuring that only high-quality mangoes are selected for packaging and distribution.
3. Size range: The machine can sort mangoes of different sizes, ranging from small to large fruits.
4. Weight range: The machine can sort mangoes of different weights, ranging from 50g to 1000g.
5. Color detection: The machine can detect the color of the mangoes and sort them according to their ripeness and maturity.
6. Quality detection: The machine can detect defects such as bruises, cuts, and insect damage, ensuring that only high-quality mangoes are selected.
7. User-friendly interface: The machine has a user-friendly interface that allows operators to easily adjust the sorting parameters and monitor the sorting process.
8. Easy maintenance: The machine is designed for easy maintenance, with easily accessible parts and components that can be easily replaced or repaired.
In conclusion, the mango sorting machine is a highly specialized equipment that is designed to sort and grade mangoes based on their unique characteristics. With its advanced sensors and software, the machine can accurately identify and sort mangoes according to their size, weight, color, and quality, ensuring that only high-quality fruits are selected for packaging and distribution.
Applications of mango sorting machine and Type of Companies use mango sorting machine
Mango sorting machines are used to sort and grade mangoes based on their size, color, and quality. These machines are widely used in the food processing industry, especially in mango processing plants. The applications of mango sorting machines are numerous, and they offer several benefits to companies that use them.
One of the primary applications of mango sorting machines is to improve the quality of mangoes. These machines can sort mangoes based on their ripeness, size, and color, ensuring that only the best quality mangoes are selected for further processing. This helps companies to produce high-quality mango products that meet the expectations of their customers.
Another application of mango sorting machines is to increase the efficiency of mango processing plants. These machines can sort and grade mangoes at a much faster rate than manual sorting, reducing the time and labor required for the process. This helps companies to increase their production capacity and reduce their operating costs.
The type of companies that use mango sorting machines varies from small-scale mango farmers to large-scale mango processing plants. Small-scale farmers use these machines to sort and grade their mangoes before selling them to wholesalers or retailers. Large-scale processing plants use these machines to sort and grade mangoes on a massive scale, producing mango products for domestic and international markets.
In conclusion, mango sorting machines are essential tools for the food processing industry, especially for mango processing plants. They offer several benefits, including improved quality, increased efficiency, and reduced operating costs. Companies of all sizes can benefit from using these machines, from small-scale farmers to large-scale processing plants.
Quality Testing Methods for mango sorting machine and Work Process Use mango sorting machine
Mango sorting machines are used to sort mangoes based on their size, color, and quality. The machine uses various methods to ensure that the mangoes are sorted accurately and efficiently. The following are some of the quality testing methods used in mango sorting machines:
1. Color Sorting: Mango sorting machines use color sensors to sort mangoes based on their color. The sensors detect the color of the mangoes and sort them accordingly. This method ensures that only mangoes with the desired color are sorted.
2. Size Sorting: Mango sorting machines use size sensors to sort mangoes based on their size. The sensors detect the size of the mangoes and sort them accordingly. This method ensures that only mangoes with the desired size are sorted.
3. Weight Sorting: Mango sorting machines use weight sensors to sort mangoes based on their weight. The sensors detect the weight of the mangoes and sort them accordingly. This method ensures that only mangoes with the desired weight are sorted.
4. Quality Sorting: Mango sorting machines use quality sensors to sort mangoes based on their quality. The sensors detect the quality of the mangoes and sort them accordingly. This method ensures that only high-quality mangoes are sorted.
The work process of a mango sorting machine involves the following steps:
1. Feeding: The mangoes are fed into the machine through a conveyor belt.
2. Sorting: The mangoes are sorted based on their size, color, weight, and quality using the sensors.
3. Rejecting: Mangoes that do not meet the desired criteria are rejected and sent to a separate conveyor belt.
4. Packaging: The sorted mangoes are then packaged and sent for distribution.
In conclusion, mango sorting machines use various quality testing methods to ensure that only high-quality mangoes are sorted. The work process of the machine involves feeding, sorting, rejecting, and packaging. Using a mango sorting machine can help increase efficiency and accuracy in mango sorting.
Comprehensive Analysis of mango sorting machine Costs: Including Visible and Hidden Costs
Mango sorting machines are used to sort and grade mangoes based on their size, color, and quality. The cost of a mango sorting machine can vary depending on several factors, including the type of machine, its capacity, and the level of automation.
Visible costs of a mango sorting machine include the purchase price, installation costs, and maintenance expenses. The purchase price of a mango sorting machine can range from $10,000 to $100,000, depending on the machine’s capacity and features. Installation costs can vary depending on the complexity of the installation process and the location of the machine. Maintenance expenses include regular servicing and repair costs, which can add up over time.
Hidden costs of a mango sorting machine include the cost of training employees to operate the machine, the cost of downtime due to machine breakdowns, and the cost of lost productivity due to machine inefficiencies. Training employees to operate the machine can be time-consuming and expensive, especially if the machine is complex and requires specialized skills. Downtime due to machine breakdowns can result in lost revenue and increased repair costs. Lost productivity due to machine inefficiencies can also result in lost revenue and increased labor costs.
In conclusion, the cost of a mango sorting machine can vary depending on several factors, including visible and hidden costs. It is important to consider all costs associated with the machine before making a purchase decision. This includes not only the purchase price and installation costs but also maintenance expenses, training costs, and the cost of downtime and lost productivity.
Payment Terms for mango sorting machine and Bulk Purchase Discounts and Price Variances Among Suppliers
Payment terms for mango sorting machines vary among suppliers, but most commonly require a deposit of 30-50% of the total cost upon ordering, with the remaining balance due upon delivery or installation. Some suppliers may offer financing options or payment plans to accommodate the needs of their customers.
Bulk purchase discounts may be available for customers who order multiple mango sorting machines at once. The amount of the discount will vary depending on the supplier and the quantity ordered. Customers should inquire about bulk purchase discounts when requesting a quote from the supplier.
Price variances among suppliers for mango sorting machines can be significant. Factors that may influence the price include the quality of the machine, the level of automation, the capacity, and the brand. Customers should compare prices from multiple suppliers to ensure they are getting the best value for their money.
It is important for customers to carefully evaluate their needs and budget when considering the purchase of a mango sorting machine. They should also consider the reputation and reliability of the supplier, as well as the level of customer support and service they offer. By doing so, customers can make an informed decision and ensure they are getting the best possible product and service for their investment.
Chinese Regulations and Industry Standards Certifications for mango sorting machine
In China, mango sorting machines are subject to various regulations and industry standards certifications. These certifications ensure that the machines meet the required safety, quality, and environmental standards.
One of the most important certifications for mango sorting machines is the China Compulsory Certification (CCC). This certification is mandatory for all products sold in China, including mango sorting machines. The CCC certification ensures that the machines meet the required safety standards and are safe for use by consumers.
Another important certification for mango sorting machines is the ISO 9001 certification. This certification is awarded to companies that meet the required quality management standards. Mango sorting machine manufacturers that have this certification have demonstrated their commitment to quality and continuous improvement.
In addition to these certifications, mango sorting machines may also need to comply with industry standards such as the GB/T 19142-2003 standard for fruit sorting machines. This standard specifies the requirements for the design, manufacture, and testing of fruit sorting machines, including mango sorting machines.
Overall, complying with these regulations and certifications is essential for mango sorting machine manufacturers to ensure that their products are safe, reliable, and of high quality. It also helps to build trust with customers and increase their competitiveness in the market.
Navigating Import Regulations and Customs for mango sorting machine from China
When importing a mango sorting machine from China, it is important to navigate the import regulations and customs to ensure a smooth and successful transaction. Here are some key steps to follow:
1. Research import regulations: Before importing the machine, research the import regulations and requirements of your country. This may include obtaining permits, certifications, and complying with safety standards.
2. Find a reliable supplier: Look for a reputable supplier in China who has experience exporting mango sorting machines and can provide all necessary documentation, such as invoices, packing lists, and certificates of origin.
3. Arrange shipping and logistics: Determine the most efficient and cost-effective way to ship the machine from China to your destination. This may involve working with a freight forwarder or customs broker to handle customs clearance and transportation.
4. Prepare for customs clearance: Provide all necessary documentation to customs officials, including the commercial invoice, packing list, and bill of lading. Be prepared to pay any applicable duties, taxes, or fees.
5. Inspect the machine: Once the machine arrives, inspect it thoroughly to ensure it meets your specifications and is in good condition. If there are any issues, contact the supplier immediately to resolve them.
By following these steps and working with experienced professionals, you can navigate the import regulations and customs for a mango sorting machine from China and ensure a successful transaction.
Procurement and Considerations when Purchasing mango sorting machine
Procurement of a mango sorting machine is an important decision for any mango processing facility. The following are some considerations that should be taken into account when purchasing a mango sorting machine.
1. Capacity: The capacity of the machine should be considered based on the volume of mangoes that need to be sorted. The machine should be able to handle the expected volume of mangoes efficiently.
2. Sorting Accuracy: The sorting accuracy of the machine is important to ensure that the mangoes are sorted accurately and efficiently. The machine should be able to sort the mangoes based on size, weight, and color.
3. Maintenance: The maintenance requirements of the machine should be considered to ensure that it can be easily maintained and serviced. The machine should be easy to clean and maintain to ensure that it operates efficiently.
4. Cost: The cost of the machine should be considered based on the budget of the facility. The machine should be cost-effective and provide value for money.
5. Durability: The durability of the machine should be considered to ensure that it can withstand the harsh conditions of a mango processing facility. The machine should be made of high-quality materials and designed to last.
6. After-sales support: The after-sales support provided by the manufacturer should be considered to ensure that any issues with the machine can be resolved quickly and efficiently.
In conclusion, when purchasing a mango sorting machine, it is important to consider the capacity, sorting accuracy, maintenance requirements, cost, durability, and after-sales support. These considerations will ensure that the machine is efficient, cost-effective, and provides value for money.
Sourcing mango sorting machine from China: Opportunities, Risks, and Key Players
China is a leading manufacturer of mango sorting machines, with a wide range of opportunities for businesses looking to source these machines. The country has a large pool of skilled labor, advanced technology, and a well-established supply chain, making it an ideal destination for businesses looking to source mango sorting machines.
However, there are also risks associated with sourcing from China, such as quality control issues, intellectual property theft, and language barriers. To mitigate these risks, businesses should work with reputable suppliers, conduct thorough due diligence, and have a clear understanding of the legal and regulatory requirements.
Some of the key players in the Chinese mango sorting machine market include Anhui Jiexun Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Angel Equipment & Technology Co., Ltd., and Guangzhou Jiuying Food Machinery Co., Ltd. These companies offer a range of mango sorting machines, including color sorters, weight sorters, and size sorters.
Overall, sourcing mango sorting machines from China can offer significant opportunities for businesses looking to improve their efficiency and productivity. However, it is important to carefully evaluate the risks and work with reputable suppliers to ensure a successful sourcing experience.
Cultivating Successful Business Relationships with Chinese mango sorting machine Suppliers
When it comes to doing business with Chinese mango sorting machine suppliers, cultivating successful relationships is key. Here are some tips to help you build strong relationships with your suppliers:
1. Communication: Communication is key in any business relationship, and it’s especially important when dealing with suppliers in China. Make sure you are clear and concise in your communication, and be sure to ask questions if you don’t understand something.
2. Respect: Show respect for your suppliers by being polite and courteous in all your interactions. This includes being punctual for meetings and responding promptly to emails.
3. Trust: Trust is essential in any business relationship, and it’s especially important when dealing with suppliers in China. Make sure you do your due diligence before entering into any agreements, and be sure to follow through on your commitments.
4. Cultural awareness: Understanding Chinese culture is important when doing business with Chinese suppliers. Take the time to learn about their customs and traditions, and be respectful of their way of doing business.
5. Face-to-face meetings: Whenever possible, try to meet with your suppliers in person. This will help you build a stronger relationship and establish trust.
By following these tips, you can cultivate successful business relationships with your Chinese mango sorting machine suppliers. Remember, building strong relationships takes time and effort, but the rewards are well worth it.
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations in mango sorting machine Manufacturing
Mango sorting machine manufacturing should consider sustainability and environmental considerations to minimize the negative impact on the environment. The following are some of the ways that manufacturers can achieve this:
1. Use of eco-friendly materials: Mango sorting machine manufacturers should use eco-friendly materials in the production process. This includes using materials that are biodegradable, recyclable, and non-toxic.
2. Energy efficiency: Mango sorting machines should be designed to be energy-efficient. This can be achieved by using energy-saving components, such as LED lights, and designing the machine to use less power.
3. Waste reduction: Mango sorting machine manufacturers should aim to reduce waste during the production process. This can be achieved by using lean manufacturing techniques, such as just-in-time production, and recycling waste materials.
4. End-of-life disposal: Mango sorting machines should be designed with end-of-life disposal in mind. This includes designing the machine to be easily disassembled and recycled, and ensuring that hazardous materials are disposed of safely.
5. Compliance with environmental regulations: Mango sorting machine manufacturers should comply with all environmental regulations in their respective countries. This includes obtaining necessary permits and certifications, and ensuring that the machine meets all environmental standards.
In conclusion, mango sorting machine manufacturing should consider sustainability and environmental considerations to minimize the negative impact on the environment. This can be achieved by using eco-friendly materials, designing the machine to be energy-efficient, reducing waste, designing the machine for end-of-life disposal, and complying with environmental regulations.
The Evolution and Market Trends in mango sorting machine Industry
The mango sorting machine industry has undergone significant evolution over the years, driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand for efficient and accurate sorting solutions. Initially, mango sorting was done manually, which was time-consuming and prone to errors. However, the introduction of automated sorting machines has revolutionized the industry, enabling faster and more accurate sorting of mangoes based on size, color, ripeness, and other parameters.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards the use of smart sorting machines that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. These machines can learn and adapt to different mango varieties and conditions, improving sorting accuracy and reducing waste. Additionally, they can provide real-time data and analytics, enabling farmers and processors to make informed decisions and optimize their operations.
Another trend in the mango sorting machine industry is the increasing focus on sustainability and eco-friendliness. Many manufacturers are developing machines that use less energy and water, and are made from recyclable materials. This trend is driven by the growing awareness of the environmental impact of industrial activities and the need to reduce carbon emissions.
In terms of market trends, the mango sorting machine industry is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by increasing demand for high-quality mangoes and the need for efficient and cost-effective sorting solutions. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to be the largest market for mango sorting machines, driven by the high production and consumption of mangoes in countries such as India, China, and Thailand.
In conclusion, the mango sorting machine industry has undergone significant evolution over the years, driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand for efficient and accurate sorting solutions. The industry is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by increasing demand for high-quality mangoes and the need for efficient and cost-effective sorting solutions.
The Role of Agents and Sourcing Companies in Facilitating mango sorting machine Purchases from China
Agents and sourcing companies play a crucial role in facilitating mango sorting machine purchases from China. These entities act as intermediaries between buyers and manufacturers, helping to bridge the gap between language and cultural barriers. They also provide valuable services such as quality control, logistics, and negotiation, which can help buyers save time and money.
Agents and sourcing companies have a deep understanding of the Chinese market and can help buyers identify reliable manufacturers that offer high-quality mango sorting machines at competitive prices. They also have a network of contacts in the industry, which can help buyers access a wider range of products and services.
One of the key advantages of working with agents and sourcing companies is that they can help buyers navigate the complex regulatory environment in China. They can help buyers obtain the necessary certifications and licenses required to import mango sorting machines into their home countries. They can also help buyers comply with local regulations and standards, ensuring that their purchases meet all necessary safety and quality requirements.
Overall, agents and sourcing companies play a critical role in facilitating mango sorting machine purchases from China. They provide valuable services that can help buyers save time and money, while also ensuring that their purchases meet all necessary regulatory requirements. As such, they are an essential partner for any buyer looking to source mango sorting machines from China.
How to use import and export data website importyeti.com to search the company and mango sorting machine
ImportYeti.com is a website that provides import and export data for businesses. It is a useful tool for companies looking to find potential suppliers or customers. In this case, we will use ImportYeti.com to search for a company that produces mango sorting machines.
To begin, we will need to create an account on ImportYeti.com. Once we have logged in, we can start our search by entering the keywords “mango sorting machine” in the search bar. The website will then display a list of companies that have imported or exported mango sorting machines.
We can filter the results by country, date range, and other criteria to narrow down our search. We can also view the company’s contact information, shipment details, and other relevant data. This information can help us identify potential suppliers or customers for our business.
ImportYeti.com also provides a feature called “Trade Alerts,” which allows us to receive notifications when new import or export data is available for a specific product or company. This can be useful for staying up-to-date on industry trends and identifying new business opportunities.
In conclusion, ImportYeti.com is a valuable resource for businesses looking to import or export products. By using the website to search for a company that produces mango sorting machines, we can identify potential suppliers or customers and stay informed about industry trends. With its user-friendly interface and comprehensive data, ImportYeti.com is a must-have tool for any business involved in international trade.
How to use Chinese Business Search Platform: qcc.com to check mango sorting machine company credit
Qcc.com is a Chinese business search platform that provides information on companies registered in China. To check the credit of a mango sorting machine company, follow these steps:
1. Go to qcc.com and enter the name of the company in the search bar. You can also search by the company’s registration number or the person in charge.
2. Once you find the company, click on its name to view its profile. The profile will show you the company’s basic information, such as its registered address, business scope, and legal representative.
3. To check the company’s credit, look for the credit report section on the profile page. The credit report will show you the company’s credit rating, credit history, and any legal disputes or penalties it has faced.
4. You can also view the company’s financial information, such as its revenue, profit, and assets, by clicking on the financial report section.
5. If you want to verify the company’s registration information, you can click on the registration information section to view its registration certificate and other relevant documents.
6. Qcc.com also allows you to view the company’s network of related companies and its shareholders, which can give you a better understanding of its business relationships and ownership structure.
In conclusion, qcc.com is a useful tool for checking the credit and background of a mango sorting machine company in China. By following the above steps, you can get a comprehensive view of the company’s financial health, legal status, and ownership structure.
Overcoming Challenges and Facilitation of Sourcing mango sorting machine from China
Sourcing a mango sorting machine from China can be a challenging task, especially for those who are not familiar with the Chinese market. However, with the right approach, it is possible to overcome these challenges and facilitate the process.
One of the first challenges is to find a reliable supplier. This can be done by conducting thorough research and due diligence. It is important to check the supplier’s credentials, such as their business license, certifications, and customer reviews. It is also recommended to visit the supplier’s factory and inspect their production process and quality control measures.
Another challenge is to ensure that the mango sorting machine meets the required specifications and standards. This can be achieved by providing detailed specifications and requesting samples for testing. It is also important to communicate clearly with the supplier and ensure that they understand the requirements.
Facilitating the sourcing process can be done by using a sourcing agent or a third-party logistics provider. These professionals can help with the negotiation, quality control, and logistics of the shipment. They can also provide valuable insights into the Chinese market and culture.
In conclusion, sourcing a mango sorting machine from China can be challenging, but with the right approach and support, it is possible to overcome these challenges and facilitate the process. It is important to conduct thorough research, communicate clearly with the supplier, and use the services of professionals to ensure a successful outcome.
FAQs on Sourcing and Manufacturing mango sorting machine in China
1. What is a mango sorting machine?
A mango sorting machine is a device that sorts and grades mangoes based on their size, weight, color, and quality.
2. Why source and manufacture mango sorting machines in China?
China is known for its advanced manufacturing capabilities and cost-effective production. The country has a vast network of suppliers and manufacturers that can produce high-quality mango sorting machines at a competitive price.
3. What are the key factors to consider when sourcing mango sorting machines from China?
The key factors to consider when sourcing mango sorting machines from China include the supplier’s experience, quality control measures, production capacity, lead time, and pricing.
4. How can I find a reliable supplier for mango sorting machines in China?
You can find a reliable supplier for mango sorting machines in China by conducting thorough research, attending trade shows, and visiting the supplier’s factory to inspect their production facilities and quality control measures.
5. What are the common challenges when sourcing and manufacturing mango sorting machines in China?
The common challenges when sourcing and manufacturing mango sorting machines in China include language barriers, cultural differences, quality control issues, and intellectual property concerns.
6. How can I ensure the quality of mango sorting machines manufactured in China?
You can ensure the quality of mango sorting machines manufactured in China by working with a reputable supplier, conducting regular inspections, and implementing a strict quality control process.
7. What is the lead time for manufacturing mango sorting machines in China?
The lead time for manufacturing mango sorting machines in China varies depending on the supplier’s production capacity and the complexity of the machine. However, it typically takes between 30 to 60 days to manufacture a mango sorting machine.
8. What is the cost of manufacturing mango sorting machines in China?
The cost of manufacturing mango sorting machines in China depends on various factors such as the machine’s complexity, production volume, and quality requirements. However, you can expect to pay a competitive price compared to other manufacturing countries.
