Types of film sealing machine
Film sealing machines are used to seal various types of packaging materials such as plastic bags, aluminum foil, and laminated films. These machines are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. There are different types of film sealing machines available in the market, and each type has its unique features and benefits. Here are some of the most common types of film sealing machines:
1. Impulse Sealer: This type of film sealing machine uses heat to seal the packaging material. It is ideal for sealing plastic bags and other thin films. The impulse sealer heats the sealing wire for a short period, which melts the plastic and creates a seal. This type of machine is easy to use and requires minimal maintenance.
2. Continuous Band Sealer: This type of film sealing machine is used for sealing larger bags and pouches. It uses a conveyor belt to move the bags through the sealing process. The continuous band sealer creates a strong, airtight seal that is ideal for packaging food products.
3. Hot Bar Sealer: This type of film sealing machine uses a heated bar to seal the packaging material. It is ideal for sealing thicker films and laminates. The hot bar sealer creates a strong, permanent seal that is resistant to moisture and other environmental factors.
4. Vacuum Sealer: This type of film sealing machine is used to create a vacuum seal on the packaging material. It is ideal for packaging food products that need to be stored for a long time. The vacuum sealer removes the air from the packaging, which helps to preserve the freshness of the product.
5. Induction Sealer: This type of film sealing machine uses electromagnetic induction to create a seal on the packaging material. It is ideal for sealing aluminum foil and other metalized films. The induction sealer creates a strong, airtight seal that is resistant to moisture and other environmental factors.
In conclusion, film sealing machines are essential equipment for packaging products in various industries. The type of machine used depends on the type of packaging material and the product being packaged. Impulse sealers are ideal for sealing plastic bags, while continuous band sealers are ideal for larger bags and pouches. Hot bar sealers are ideal for thicker films and laminates, while vacuum sealers are ideal for preserving the freshness of food products. Induction sealers are ideal for sealing metalized films.
Pros and Cons of Using film sealing machine
Film sealing machines are widely used in various industries for packaging and sealing products. These machines are designed to seal different types of films such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC films. While there are several benefits of using a film sealing machine, there are also some drawbacks that need to be considered. In this article, we will discuss the pros and cons of using a film sealing machine.
Pros:
1. Increased Efficiency: Film sealing machines are designed to seal products quickly and efficiently, which can help increase productivity and reduce labor costs.
2. Improved Product Quality: Film sealing machines can provide a consistent and reliable seal, which can help improve the quality of the product and reduce the risk of damage during transportation.
3. Versatility: Film sealing machines can be used to seal a wide range of products, including food, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products.
4. Cost-Effective: Film sealing machines are relatively affordable and can help reduce the cost of packaging and sealing products.
5. Easy to Use: Film sealing machines are easy to operate and require minimal training, which can help reduce the risk of errors and increase productivity.
Cons:
1. Maintenance: Film sealing machines require regular maintenance to ensure they are working correctly, which can be time-consuming and costly.
2. Limited Flexibility: Film sealing machines are designed to seal specific types of films, which can limit their flexibility and versatility.
3. Initial Investment: The initial cost of purchasing a film sealing machine can be high, which may not be feasible for small businesses.
4. Energy Consumption: Film sealing machines require electricity to operate, which can increase energy consumption and lead to higher utility bills.
5. Size and Space: Film sealing machines can be large and require a significant amount of space, which may not be suitable for small workspaces.
In conclusion, film sealing machines offer several benefits, including increased efficiency, improved product quality, versatility, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. However, they also have some drawbacks, including maintenance requirements, limited flexibility, high initial investment, energy consumption, and space requirements. It is essential to consider these factors when deciding whether to invest in a film sealing machine.
film sealing machine Reference Specifications (varies for different product)
A film sealing machine is a device used to seal plastic films or bags for packaging purposes. The machine uses heat to melt the plastic film and create a seal that prevents air and moisture from entering the package. The following are some reference specifications for a film sealing machine:
1. Power supply: The machine requires a power supply of 220V/50Hz or 110V/60Hz, depending on the region.
2. Sealing width: The sealing width of the machine varies depending on the product being packaged. It can range from 2mm to 10mm.
3. Sealing speed: The sealing speed of the machine is adjustable and can range from 0 to 12 meters per minute.
4. Temperature control: The machine has a temperature control system that allows the user to adjust the temperature according to the type and thickness of the film being used.
5. Sealing material: The machine can seal a variety of plastic films, including polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC.
6. Sealing type: The machine can create different types of seals, including flat seals, embossed seals, and dotted seals.
7. Conveyor belt: The machine has a conveyor belt that feeds the film through the sealing area.
8. Dimensions: The dimensions of the machine vary depending on the model and can range from 500mm x 400mm x 300mm to 1200mm x 800mm x 1200mm.
9. Weight: The weight of the machine also varies depending on the model and can range from 20kg to 100kg.
In conclusion, a film sealing machine is a versatile device that can be used in a variety of industries, including food packaging, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. The machine’s reference specifications vary depending on the product being packaged, but it is important to use the machine within its recommended limits to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
Applications of film sealing machine and Type of Companies use film sealing machine
Film sealing machines are widely used in various industries for packaging and sealing products. These machines are designed to provide airtight and leak-proof seals on different types of packaging materials, including plastic bags, pouches, and containers. Here are some of the applications of film sealing machines and the types of companies that use them:
1. Food and Beverage Industry: Film sealing machines are extensively used in the food and beverage industry for packaging and sealing products such as snacks, confectionery, dairy products, and beverages. These machines help to maintain the freshness and quality of the products by providing airtight seals that prevent contamination and spoilage. Companies such as Nestle, PepsiCo, and Coca-Cola use film sealing machines for their packaging needs.
2. Pharmaceutical Industry: The pharmaceutical industry uses film sealing machines for packaging and sealing medicines, tablets, capsules, and other medical products. These machines provide a secure and tamper-evident seal that ensures the safety and integrity of the products. Companies such as Pfizer, Novartis, and GlaxoSmithKline use film sealing machines for their packaging needs.
3. Cosmetics Industry: Film sealing machines are also used in the cosmetics industry for packaging and sealing products such as creams, lotions, and shampoos. These machines provide airtight seals that prevent the products from drying out or getting contaminated. Companies such as L’Oreal, Estee Lauder, and Procter & Gamble use film sealing machines for their packaging needs.
4. Electronics Industry: The electronics industry uses film sealing machines for packaging and sealing electronic components, devices, and accessories. These machines provide a protective barrier that prevents moisture, dust, and other contaminants from damaging the products. Companies such as Samsung, Apple, and Sony use film sealing machines for their packaging needs.
In conclusion, film sealing machines are essential equipment for various industries that require packaging and sealing products. These machines provide airtight and leak-proof seals that ensure the safety, freshness, and quality of the products. Companies from different sectors such as food and beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and electronics use film sealing machines for their packaging needs.
Quality Testing Methods for film sealing machine and Work Process Use film sealing machine
There are several quality testing methods that can be used for film sealing machines to ensure that they are functioning properly and producing high-quality seals. These methods include:
1. Visual Inspection: This involves visually examining the seals produced by the machine to ensure that they are uniform, consistent, and free from defects such as wrinkles, bubbles, or gaps.
2. Peel Test: This involves testing the strength of the seal by peeling it apart using a tensile testing machine. The force required to peel the seal apart is measured, and if it falls within the acceptable range, the seal is considered to be of good quality.
3. Leak Test: This involves filling the package with a gas or liquid and then submerging it in water to check for leaks. If no bubbles are observed, the seal is considered to be of good quality.
4. Heat Distribution Test: This involves using a thermographic camera to check the heat distribution across the sealing bar. If the heat is evenly distributed, the seals will be of good quality.
The work process for using a film sealing machine typically involves the following steps:
1. Prepare the packaging material and product to be sealed.
2. Set the machine to the appropriate temperature and sealing time.
3. Place the packaging material and product between the sealing bars.
4. Activate the machine to create the seal.
5. Inspect the seal for quality using one or more of the testing methods described above.
6. Repeat the process as necessary until all products have been sealed.
Overall, using a film sealing machine can help to ensure that products are properly packaged and protected during transportation and storage. By following proper testing methods and work processes, manufacturers can ensure that their sealing machines are producing high-quality seals that meet their customers’ needs.
Comprehensive Analysis of film sealing machine Costs: Including Visible and Hidden Costs
Film sealing machines are used in various industries to seal products in bags or pouches. The cost of a film sealing machine includes both visible and hidden costs. The visible costs include the purchase price of the machine, installation costs, and any training required for operators. The hidden costs include maintenance, repairs, and downtime.
The purchase price of a film sealing machine can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars depending on the size and features of the machine. Installation costs may include electrical work, plumbing, and any modifications required to the workspace. Training costs may include hiring a trainer or sending employees to a training program.
Maintenance costs are an important consideration when purchasing a film sealing machine. Regular maintenance is necessary to keep the machine running smoothly and to prevent breakdowns. Maintenance costs may include replacement parts, lubricants, and cleaning supplies. Repairs may be necessary if the machine breaks down or malfunctions. Repair costs may include replacement parts, labor, and downtime.
Downtime is a hidden cost that can have a significant impact on productivity and profitability. Downtime occurs when the machine is not operating due to maintenance, repairs, or other issues. Downtime can result in lost production time, missed deadlines, and lost revenue.
In conclusion, the cost of a film sealing machine includes both visible and hidden costs. Visible costs include the purchase price, installation costs, and training. Hidden costs include maintenance, repairs, and downtime. It is important to consider all of these costs when purchasing a film sealing machine to ensure that it is a cost-effective investment for the business.
Payment Terms for film sealing machine and Bulk Purchase Discounts and Price Variances Among Suppliers
Film sealing machines are essential equipment for businesses that require airtight packaging for their products. When purchasing a film sealing machine, it is important to consider the payment terms and bulk purchase discounts offered by suppliers.
Payment terms for film sealing machines vary among suppliers. Some suppliers require full payment upfront, while others offer payment plans or financing options. It is important to choose a supplier that offers payment terms that are suitable for your business’s financial situation.
Bulk purchase discounts are also offered by suppliers for film sealing machines. These discounts are typically offered for purchases of multiple machines or for large orders. The amount of the discount varies among suppliers, so it is important to compare prices and discounts from different suppliers to find the best deal.
Price variances among suppliers are common for film sealing machines. These variances can be due to differences in quality, features, and brand. It is important to consider these factors when comparing prices from different suppliers. It is also important to choose a supplier that offers a warranty or guarantee for their machines.
In conclusion, when purchasing a film sealing machine, it is important to consider the payment terms, bulk purchase discounts, and price variances among suppliers. By doing so, businesses can find the best deal and ensure that they are getting a high-quality machine that meets their needs.
Chinese Regulations and Industry Standards Certifications for film sealing machine
In China, film sealing machines are regulated by various industry standards and certifications to ensure their quality, safety, and environmental compliance. One of the most important certifications is the China Compulsory Certification (CCC), which is mandatory for all electrical and electronic products sold in China. The CCC certification ensures that the film sealing machine meets the safety and quality requirements set by the Chinese government.
In addition to CCC, there are several other certifications and standards that film sealing machines must comply with, including the ISO 9001 quality management system certification, the ISO 14001 environmental management system certification, and the CE certification for the European market. These certifications ensure that the film sealing machine is manufactured in a controlled environment, uses environmentally friendly materials, and meets the safety and quality standards of the target market.
Moreover, there are also industry standards that film sealing machines must comply with, such as the GB/T 191 Packaging and Storage Marking Standard, which specifies the requirements for labeling and marking of packaging materials. The GB/T 2828 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes Standard is also applicable to film sealing machines, which outlines the sampling procedures and acceptance criteria for product inspection.
Overall, compliance with these regulations and certifications is crucial for film sealing machine manufacturers to ensure their products’ quality, safety, and environmental compliance, and to gain access to the Chinese and international markets.
Navigating Import Regulations and Customs for film sealing machine from China
When importing film sealing machines from China, it is important to navigate the various import regulations and customs procedures to ensure a smooth and successful transaction. Here are some key considerations:
1. Research import regulations: Before importing, it is important to research the import regulations and requirements for film sealing machines in your country. This may include obtaining necessary permits, certifications, and adhering to safety standards.
2. Choose a reputable supplier: It is important to choose a reputable supplier who can provide quality products and reliable shipping. Look for suppliers with good reviews, certifications, and experience in exporting to your country.
3. Obtain necessary documents: The supplier should provide necessary documents such as a commercial invoice, packing list, and bill of lading. These documents will be required for customs clearance.
4. Pay import duties and taxes: Import duties and taxes will be assessed on the value of the goods being imported. It is important to research and understand the applicable rates and ensure that they are paid in a timely manner.
5. Prepare for customs inspection: Customs officials may inspect the goods to ensure compliance with regulations and safety standards. It is important to ensure that the goods are properly packaged and labeled to facilitate inspection.
By following these steps and working with a reputable supplier, navigating import regulations and customs for film sealing machines from China can be a smooth and successful process.
Procurement and Considerations when Purchasing film sealing machine
When purchasing a film sealing machine, there are several considerations that need to be taken into account. These include the type of film being used, the size of the machine, the speed of the machine, and the cost.
The type of film being used is important because different films require different sealing temperatures and pressures. For example, some films may require a higher temperature to seal properly, while others may require a lower temperature. It is important to choose a machine that is compatible with the type of film being used.
The size of the machine is also important, as it will determine the maximum size of the package that can be sealed. It is important to choose a machine that is large enough to accommodate the largest package that will be sealed.
The speed of the machine is also an important consideration, as it will determine how quickly packages can be sealed. It is important to choose a machine that can keep up with the production rate.
Finally, cost is an important consideration, as it will determine the overall value of the machine. It is important to choose a machine that is affordable, but also provides the necessary features and capabilities.
Overall, when purchasing a film sealing machine, it is important to consider the type of film being used, the size of the machine, the speed of the machine, and the cost. By taking these factors into account, it is possible to choose a machine that will provide the necessary sealing capabilities while also being cost-effective.
Sourcing film sealing machine from China: Opportunities, Risks, and Key Players
China is a major player in the global market for film sealing machines. The country is home to a large number of manufacturers and suppliers of these machines, offering a wide range of options for buyers. The opportunities for sourcing film sealing machines from China are numerous, including access to a large pool of suppliers, competitive pricing, and a wide range of product options.
However, there are also risks associated with sourcing film sealing machines from China. These include quality control issues, language and cultural barriers, and the potential for intellectual property theft. Buyers need to carefully vet potential suppliers and conduct due diligence to ensure that they are working with reputable companies that can deliver high-quality products.
Some of the key players in the Chinese market for film sealing machines include Wenzhou Chunlai Packing Machinery Co., Ltd., Ruian Huadong Packing Machinery Co., Ltd., and Ruian Xinyuan Packaging Machinery Co., Ltd. These companies offer a range of machines for different applications, including automatic and semi-automatic models, as well as machines for sealing different types of films.
Overall, sourcing film sealing machines from China can be a viable option for buyers looking for cost-effective solutions. However, it is important to carefully evaluate potential suppliers and take steps to mitigate the risks associated with sourcing from overseas.
Cultivating Successful Business Relationships with Chinese film sealing machine Suppliers
When it comes to doing business with Chinese film sealing machine suppliers, it is important to cultivate successful relationships in order to ensure long-term success. Here are some tips for building strong relationships with your suppliers:
1. Communication: Communication is key when it comes to building successful business relationships. Make sure to communicate clearly and frequently with your suppliers to avoid misunderstandings and build trust.
2. Respect: Show respect for your suppliers by being punctual, honoring your commitments, and treating them with professionalism and courtesy.
3. Cultural Awareness: Understanding Chinese culture and customs can go a long way in building successful relationships with Chinese suppliers. Take the time to learn about their culture and show respect for their traditions.
4. Quality Control: Make sure to establish clear quality control standards and expectations with your suppliers. Regularly inspect their products to ensure they meet your standards.
5. Payment Terms: Be clear and transparent about your payment terms and expectations. Establish a payment schedule that works for both parties and stick to it.
By following these tips, you can build strong and successful relationships with your Chinese film sealing machine suppliers, which can lead to long-term success for your business.
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations in film sealing machine Manufacturing
Film sealing machine manufacturing has a significant impact on the environment, and sustainability considerations are crucial in reducing this impact. The production process of film sealing machines involves the use of various materials, including metals, plastics, and electronics, which have a significant environmental footprint. The manufacturing process also consumes a considerable amount of energy, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
To reduce the environmental impact of film sealing machine manufacturing, manufacturers can adopt sustainable practices such as using eco-friendly materials, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing waste. For instance, manufacturers can use recycled materials in the production of film sealing machines, which reduces the amount of waste generated and conserves natural resources. They can also use energy-efficient technologies and processes to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Another sustainability consideration in film sealing machine manufacturing is the end-of-life disposal of the machines. Manufacturers can design machines that are easy to disassemble and recycle, reducing the amount of waste generated. They can also implement take-back programs that allow customers to return their old machines for recycling or proper disposal.
In conclusion, sustainability and environmental considerations are crucial in film sealing machine manufacturing. Manufacturers must adopt sustainable practices such as using eco-friendly materials, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing waste to reduce the environmental impact of their operations. They must also consider the end-of-life disposal of the machines and design them for easy disassembly and recycling. By adopting these practices, film sealing machine manufacturers can contribute to a more sustainable future.
The Evolution and Market Trends in film sealing machine Industry
The film sealing machine industry has undergone significant evolution over the years, with advancements in technology and changing market trends driving innovation. Initially, film sealing machines were simple and manually operated, but with the advent of automation, the machines have become more efficient, faster, and easier to use.
One of the key market trends driving the evolution of film sealing machines is the increasing demand for eco-friendly packaging solutions. As consumers become more environmentally conscious, there is a growing need for packaging materials that are biodegradable, recyclable, and sustainable. This has led to the development of film sealing machines that can work with eco-friendly materials such as paper, bioplastics, and compostable films.
Another trend driving the evolution of film sealing machines is the need for customization. With the rise of e-commerce and online shopping, there is a growing demand for personalized packaging solutions that can help brands stand out in a crowded market. Film sealing machines that can print logos, graphics, and other branding elements directly onto packaging materials are becoming increasingly popular.
In addition, the film sealing machine industry is also being driven by the need for increased efficiency and productivity. As businesses look to streamline their operations and reduce costs, there is a growing demand for machines that can handle high volumes of packaging quickly and accurately. This has led to the development of automated film sealing machines that can handle large volumes of packaging with minimal human intervention.
Overall, the film sealing machine industry is evolving rapidly to meet the changing needs of the market. With advancements in technology and increasing demand for eco-friendly, customizable, and efficient packaging solutions, the industry is poised for continued growth in the years to come.
The Role of Agents and Sourcing Companies in Facilitating film sealing machine Purchases from China
Agents and sourcing companies play a crucial role in facilitating film sealing machine purchases from China. These entities act as intermediaries between buyers and manufacturers, helping to bridge the gap between language and cultural barriers, as well as logistical challenges.
Agents and sourcing companies can help buyers identify reliable and reputable manufacturers of film sealing machines in China. They can also assist with negotiating prices, arranging for product samples, and overseeing quality control inspections.
In addition, agents and sourcing companies can help buyers navigate the complex process of importing goods from China, including customs clearance, shipping, and documentation requirements. This can be particularly valuable for buyers who are new to importing or who lack the resources to manage the process on their own.
Overall, agents and sourcing companies can provide valuable support and expertise to buyers looking to purchase film sealing machines from China. By leveraging their knowledge and experience, these entities can help buyers find the right products at the right price, while minimizing the risks and challenges associated with importing goods from overseas.
How to use import and export data website importyeti.com to search the company and film sealing machine
ImportYeti.com is a website that provides import and export data for businesses. It is an excellent tool for companies that want to find new suppliers or customers. In this article, we will explain how to use ImportYeti.com to search for a company that sells sealing machines.
First, go to ImportYeti.com and create an account. Once you have logged in, you will see a search bar at the top of the page. Type in “sealing machine” and click on the search button. This will bring up a list of companies that import or export sealing machines.
You can filter the results by country, port, or date range. For example, if you want to find companies that import sealing machines to the United States, you can select “United States” from the country filter. You can also sort the results by the number of shipments, the value of the shipments, or the date of the last shipment.
Once you have found a company that you are interested in, you can click on their name to see more details. This will show you the company’s contact information, the number of shipments they have made, and the products they have imported or exported. You can also see the names of the companies they have done business with and the ports they have used.
If you want to export data from ImportYeti.com, you can click on the “Export” button at the top of the page. This will allow you to download a CSV file that contains all the data for the companies you have searched for.
In conclusion, ImportYeti.com is a powerful tool for businesses that want to find new suppliers or customers. By using the search bar and filters, you can easily find companies that import or export sealing machines. With the export feature, you can download the data and use it to make informed business decisions.
How to use Chinese Business Search Platform: qcc.com to check film sealing machine company credit
Qcc.com is a Chinese business search platform that provides information on companies registered in China. To check the credit of a film sealing machine company, follow these steps:
1. Go to qcc.com and enter the name of the company in the search bar. If you have the company’s registration number, you can enter that as well.
2. The search results will show a list of companies with similar names. Select the company you are interested in.
3. The company profile page will show basic information such as the company’s name, registration number, address, and legal representative.
4. To check the company’s credit, scroll down to the “Credit Information” section. This section will show the company’s credit rating, credit limit, and credit history.
5. The credit rating is based on the company’s financial performance and credit history. A higher rating indicates a more creditworthy company.
6. The credit limit is the maximum amount of credit that the company can receive from suppliers or lenders.
7. The credit history shows the company’s payment behavior, including any overdue payments or defaults.
8. You can also check the company’s business scope, shareholders, and other information on the profile page.
In conclusion, qcc.com is a useful tool for checking the credit of Chinese companies, including film sealing machine companies. By following the above steps, you can quickly and easily access important information about the company’s creditworthiness and financial history.
Overcoming Challenges and Facilitation of Sourcing film sealing machine from China
Sourcing film sealing machines from China can be a daunting task, especially for those who are new to the process. However, with the right approach, it is possible to overcome the challenges and facilitate the process.
One of the main challenges is finding a reliable supplier. This can be done by conducting thorough research, checking reviews and ratings, and verifying the supplier’s credentials. It is also important to communicate clearly with the supplier and establish a good working relationship.
Another challenge is ensuring quality control. This can be done by requesting samples, conducting inspections, and setting clear quality standards. It is also important to have a clear understanding of the product specifications and requirements.
Facilitating the process can be done by working with a sourcing agent or a third-party logistics provider. These professionals can help with negotiations, quality control, and logistics. They can also provide valuable insights and advice on the sourcing process.
In conclusion, sourcing film sealing machines from China can be challenging, but with the right approach, it is possible to overcome these challenges and facilitate the process. By conducting thorough research, establishing good communication, ensuring quality control, and working with professionals, businesses can successfully source high-quality products from China.
FAQs on Sourcing and Manufacturing film sealing machine in China
1. Why should I source and manufacture film sealing machine in China?
China is known for its cost-effective manufacturing and sourcing capabilities. The country has a vast network of suppliers and manufacturers that can produce high-quality film sealing machines at a lower cost than other countries. Additionally, China has a well-established supply chain infrastructure that can ensure timely delivery of products.
2. How do I find a reliable supplier or manufacturer in China?
There are several ways to find a reliable supplier or manufacturer in China. You can attend trade shows, search online directories, or use sourcing agents. It is important to conduct due diligence and verify the credentials of the supplier or manufacturer before placing an order.
3. What are the common challenges in sourcing and manufacturing film sealing machine in China?
The common challenges in sourcing and manufacturing film sealing machine in China include language barriers, cultural differences, quality control, and intellectual property protection. It is important to work with a reputable sourcing agent or have a clear communication plan with the supplier or manufacturer to address these challenges.
4. How can I ensure quality control in the manufacturing process?
You can ensure quality control in the manufacturing process by conducting regular inspections and audits, setting clear quality standards, and having a quality control team in place. It is also important to have a clear communication plan with the supplier or manufacturer to address any quality issues that may arise.
5. What are the payment terms for sourcing and manufacturing film sealing machine in China?
The payment terms for sourcing and manufacturing film sealing machine in China vary depending on the supplier or manufacturer. Common payment terms include 30% deposit and 70% balance payment upon completion of the order, or payment through a letter of credit. It is important to negotiate payment terms that are favorable to both parties.
