Types of canning machinery for sale
Canning machinery is essential for the food industry as it helps to preserve food for longer periods. There are various types of canning machinery available for sale, each designed to cater to specific needs. Here are some of the most common types of canning machinery for sale:
1. Filling Machines: These machines are used to fill cans with food products such as fruits, vegetables, and meat. They come in different sizes and capacities, and some can fill up to 100 cans per minute.
2. Seaming Machines: Seaming machines are used to seal the cans after they have been filled with food products. They use a combination of pressure and heat to create a tight seal that prevents air and bacteria from entering the can.
3. Retort Machines: Retort machines are used to sterilize the food products inside the cans. They use high-pressure steam to kill any bacteria or microorganisms that may be present in the food.
4. Labeling Machines: Labeling machines are used to apply labels to the cans. They can apply labels to both the top and bottom of the can, and some can even print barcodes and other information.
5. Can Washers: Can washers are used to clean and sanitize the cans before they are filled with food products. They use a combination of water and chemicals to remove any dirt or debris that may be present on the can.
6. Can Openers: Can openers are used to open the cans after they have been filled and sealed. They come in different sizes and can be manual or automatic.
In conclusion, canning machinery is essential for the food industry as it helps to preserve food for longer periods. There are various types of canning machinery available for sale, each designed to cater to specific needs. Whether you are looking for filling machines, seaming machines, retort machines, labeling machines, can washers, or can openers, there is a canning machine that will meet your needs.
Pros and Cons of Using canning machinery for sale
Canning machinery is a popular option for businesses that need to package and preserve food products. There are several pros and cons to using canning machinery for sale, which we will explore below.
Pros:
1. Efficiency: Canning machinery can process large quantities of food quickly and efficiently, which can save businesses time and money.
2. Consistency: Canning machinery can produce consistent results, which is important for businesses that need to maintain a high level of quality in their products.
3. Versatility: Canning machinery can be used to package a wide range of food products, including fruits, vegetables, meats, and more.
4. Longevity: Canned food has a long shelf life, which can help businesses reduce waste and increase profits.
5. Safety: Canning machinery is designed to meet strict safety standards, which can help businesses ensure that their products are safe for consumption.
Cons:
1. Cost: Canning machinery can be expensive to purchase and maintain, which can be a barrier for small businesses.
2. Complexity: Canning machinery can be complex to operate and maintain, which can require specialized training and expertise.
3. Space: Canning machinery can take up a lot of space, which can be a challenge for businesses with limited space.
4. Maintenance: Canning machinery requires regular maintenance and repairs, which can be costly and time-consuming.
5. Environmental impact: Canning machinery can have a negative impact on the environment, as it requires energy and resources to operate.
In conclusion, canning machinery for sale has several pros and cons. While it can be an efficient and consistent way to package and preserve food products, it can also be expensive, complex, and require regular maintenance. Businesses should carefully consider their needs and resources before investing in canning machinery.
canning machinery for sale Reference Specifications (varies for different product)
Canning machinery is used for the preservation of food products in airtight containers. These machines are designed to fill, seal, and label cans, jars, and bottles with various food items such as fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and dairy products. The specifications of canning machinery vary depending on the type of product being canned and the production capacity required.
One of the most important specifications of canning machinery is the filling capacity. This refers to the amount of product that can be filled into a can or jar per minute. The filling capacity can range from a few hundred cans per minute for small-scale operations to several thousand cans per minute for large-scale industrial canning plants. The filling mechanism can be either volumetric or weight-based, depending on the product being canned.
Another important specification is the sealing mechanism. The sealing mechanism ensures that the can or jar is airtight, preventing any contamination or spoilage of the product. There are different types of sealing mechanisms such as vacuum sealing, gas flushing, and hot filling. The choice of sealing mechanism depends on the type of product being canned and the desired shelf life.
Canning machinery also comes with labeling and coding systems that can print batch numbers, expiry dates, and other information on the cans or jars. This helps in tracking the product and ensuring that it is consumed before the expiry date.
The material of construction is another important specification of canning machinery. The machinery should be made of food-grade materials such as stainless steel, which is easy to clean and does not react with the food product. The machinery should also be designed to meet the hygiene standards required for food processing.
In conclusion, canning machinery is an essential equipment for the food processing industry. The specifications of canning machinery vary depending on the type of product being canned and the production capacity required. The filling capacity, sealing mechanism, labeling and coding systems, and material of construction are some of the important specifications to consider when choosing canning machinery.
Applications of canning machinery for sale and Type of Companies use canning machinery for sale
Canning machinery is used to preserve food by sealing it in airtight containers. This process helps to extend the shelf life of food products and maintain their quality. Canning machinery is used by a variety of companies in the food industry, including manufacturers of canned goods, beverage companies, and food processing plants.
Manufacturers of canned goods use canning machinery to package their products in a variety of sizes and shapes. Canned goods are popular because they are convenient, have a long shelf life, and are easy to transport. Canning machinery allows manufacturers to produce large quantities of canned goods quickly and efficiently.
Beverage companies also use canning machinery to package their products. Canned beverages are popular because they are easy to store and transport. Canning machinery allows beverage companies to produce large quantities of canned beverages quickly and efficiently.
Food processing plants use canning machinery to preserve a variety of food products, including fruits, vegetables, and meats. Canning machinery is used to package these products in airtight containers, which helps to maintain their quality and extend their shelf life.
Overall, canning machinery is an important tool for companies in the food industry. It allows them to produce large quantities of canned goods quickly and efficiently, which helps to meet the demand for these products. Canned goods are popular because they are convenient, have a long shelf life, and are easy to transport.
Quality Testing Methods for canning machinery for sale and Work Process Use canning machinery for sale
Canning machinery is used to preserve food items in cans, jars, or other containers. It is important to ensure that the machinery is of high quality and functions properly to prevent any contamination or spoilage of the food items. Here are some quality testing methods for canning machinery for sale:
1. Visual Inspection: The first step in quality testing canning machinery is to visually inspect it for any defects or damages. This includes checking for any cracks, dents, or rust on the machinery.
2. Performance Testing: The next step is to test the performance of the machinery. This includes checking the speed, accuracy, and consistency of the machinery. The machinery should be able to fill, seal, and label the containers properly.
3. Pressure Testing: Pressure testing is important to ensure that the machinery can withstand the pressure required for canning. The machinery should be tested for leaks and any other issues that may affect the pressure.
4. Temperature Testing: Temperature testing is important to ensure that the machinery can maintain the required temperature for canning. The machinery should be tested for its ability to heat and cool the containers properly.
5. Cleaning and Sanitization Testing: The machinery should be tested for its ability to be cleaned and sanitized properly. This includes checking for any areas that may be difficult to clean and ensuring that the machinery can be disassembled for cleaning.
In conclusion, canning machinery for sale should undergo rigorous quality testing to ensure that it functions properly and can preserve food items safely. The above-mentioned testing methods can help ensure that the machinery is of high quality and meets the required standards.
Comprehensive Analysis of canning machinery for sale Costs: Including Visible and Hidden Costs
Canning machinery for sale costs can be broken down into visible and hidden costs. Visible costs include the initial purchase price of the machinery, installation costs, and any necessary training for operators. Hidden costs include ongoing maintenance and repair costs, energy consumption, and potential downtime due to equipment failure.
The initial purchase price of canning machinery can vary greatly depending on the type and size of the equipment. For example, a small tabletop can sealer may cost a few hundred dollars, while a large automated canning line can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Installation costs may also vary depending on the complexity of the machinery and the location of the installation.
Training for operators is another visible cost that should be considered. Proper training can help ensure that the machinery is used correctly and can help prevent accidents and equipment damage.
Hidden costs can be more difficult to estimate but are just as important to consider. Ongoing maintenance and repair costs can add up over time and should be factored into the overall cost of ownership. Energy consumption is another hidden cost that can vary depending on the efficiency of the machinery and the cost of energy in the area.
Downtime due to equipment failure can also be a significant hidden cost. If the machinery is not properly maintained, it may break down more frequently, leading to lost production time and potential revenue.
In conclusion, when considering canning machinery for sale costs, it is important to consider both visible and hidden costs. While the initial purchase price may be the most obvious cost, ongoing maintenance, energy consumption, and potential downtime should also be factored in to determine the true cost of ownership.
Payment Terms for canning machinery for sale and Bulk Purchase Discounts and Price Variances Among Suppliers
When purchasing canning machinery, it is important to consider the payment terms offered by the supplier. Typically, suppliers require a deposit upfront, with the balance due upon delivery. Some suppliers may offer financing options or payment plans, which can be beneficial for businesses with limited cash flow.
Bulk purchase discounts may also be available for businesses looking to purchase multiple canning machines. These discounts can vary among suppliers, so it is important to shop around and compare prices. Additionally, some suppliers may offer price variances based on the quantity of machines purchased or the specific features included.
It is important to carefully review the terms and conditions of any purchase agreement before making a final decision. This includes understanding any warranties or guarantees offered by the supplier, as well as any potential fees or penalties for late payments or cancellations.
Overall, businesses should take the time to research and compare different suppliers to find the best payment terms, bulk purchase discounts, and price variances for their specific needs. By doing so, they can ensure they are getting the best value for their investment in canning machinery.
Chinese Regulations and Industry Standards Certifications for canning machinery for sale
In China, canning machinery for sale must comply with various regulations and industry standards certifications to ensure their safety, quality, and performance. The most important regulations and certifications are:
1. GB (Guo Biao) Standards: These are national standards issued by the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) that cover various aspects of canning machinery, such as design, construction, materials, safety, and performance. GB standards are mandatory and must be followed by all manufacturers and importers of canning machinery.
2. CCC (China Compulsory Certification): This is a mandatory certification system that applies to a wide range of products, including canning machinery. CCC certification ensures that the product meets the relevant GB standards and is safe for use in China. All canning machinery sold in China must have CCC certification.
3. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Standards: These are international standards that cover various aspects of quality management, environmental management, and occupational health and safety. ISO certification is not mandatory but is highly recommended for canning machinery manufacturers who want to demonstrate their commitment to quality and safety.
4. CE (Conformité Européene) Mark: This is a certification mark that indicates that the product meets the safety, health, and environmental protection requirements of the European Union. Although CE certification is not mandatory in China, it is often required by importers and customers who want to ensure that the product meets international standards.
5. GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) Certification: This is a certification system that applies to the pharmaceutical and food industries and ensures that the product is manufactured in a clean and controlled environment and meets the relevant quality standards. GMP certification is not mandatory for canning machinery, but it is often required by customers who want to ensure that the product is safe and hygienic.
In summary, canning machinery for sale in China must comply with various regulations and industry standards certifications to ensure their safety, quality, and performance. Manufacturers and importers should be aware of these requirements and obtain the necessary certifications before selling their products in China.
Navigating Import Regulations and Customs for canning machinery for sale from China
When importing canning machinery from China, it is important to understand the import regulations and customs procedures to avoid any delays or penalties. Here are some key points to keep in mind:
1. Obtain necessary permits and certifications: Before importing canning machinery, it is important to obtain the necessary permits and certifications from the relevant authorities. This may include a certificate of origin, a bill of lading, and a commercial invoice.
2. Comply with safety standards: The canning machinery must comply with the safety standards set by the importing country. This may include electrical safety, mechanical safety, and other safety requirements.
3. Pay import duties and taxes: Import duties and taxes may apply when importing canning machinery from China. It is important to calculate these costs and factor them into the overall cost of the machinery.
4. Provide accurate documentation: Accurate documentation is essential when importing canning machinery. This includes the bill of lading, commercial invoice, and any other relevant documents.
5. Work with a reputable freight forwarder: Working with a reputable freight forwarder can help ensure that the canning machinery is shipped and delivered on time and in compliance with all import regulations and customs procedures.
By following these guidelines, importers can navigate the import regulations and customs procedures for canning machinery from China and ensure a smooth and successful import process.
Procurement and Considerations when Purchasing canning machinery for sale
When considering purchasing canning machinery for sale, there are several procurement and operational considerations that must be taken into account. These include the type of product being canned, the production volume, the available space, and the budget.
Firstly, it is important to determine the type of product that will be canned. Different canning machines are designed for different products, such as liquids, solids, or semi-solids. It is important to choose a machine that is suitable for the specific product being canned to ensure optimal performance and efficiency.
Secondly, the production volume must be considered. The size and capacity of the canning machine should be appropriate for the expected production volume. A machine that is too small may not be able to keep up with demand, while a machine that is too large may be inefficient and costly to operate.
Thirdly, the available space must be taken into account. Canning machines come in different sizes and configurations, and it is important to choose a machine that fits within the available space. Additionally, the layout of the production area should be considered to ensure that the machine can be easily integrated into the production line.
Finally, the budget is an important consideration. Canning machines can vary greatly in price, and it is important to choose a machine that fits within the budget while still meeting the necessary requirements for the product, production volume, and available space.
In conclusion, when purchasing canning machinery for sale, it is important to consider the type of product being canned, the production volume, the available space, and the budget. By taking these factors into account, businesses can choose a canning machine that is suitable for their needs and will provide optimal performance and efficiency.
Sourcing canning machinery for sale from China: Opportunities, Risks, and Key Players
China is a major player in the canning machinery industry, offering a wide range of equipment for sale. The country’s booming manufacturing sector and low labor costs have made it an attractive destination for businesses looking to source canning machinery.
Opportunities:
One of the biggest advantages of sourcing canning machinery from China is the cost savings. Chinese manufacturers offer competitive prices due to lower labor costs and economies of scale. This makes it easier for businesses to invest in high-quality equipment without breaking the bank.
Another advantage is the wide range of options available. Chinese manufacturers offer a variety of canning machinery, from simple manual machines to fully automated systems. This allows businesses to find the right equipment to meet their specific needs.
Risks:
One of the biggest risks of sourcing canning machinery from China is quality control. Some Chinese manufacturers may cut corners to reduce costs, resulting in subpar equipment. It’s important to thoroughly research potential suppliers and conduct quality control checks to ensure that the equipment meets industry standards.
Another risk is intellectual property theft. Chinese manufacturers have been known to copy designs and technologies from other countries without permission. This can lead to legal issues and damage to a business’s reputation.
Key Players:
Some of the key players in the canning machinery industry in China include JBT Corporation, GEA Group, and Krones AG. These companies offer a wide range of canning equipment, from filling machines to labeling machines. It’s important to research these companies and their products to find the right equipment for your business.
Cultivating Successful Business Relationships with Chinese canning machinery for sale Suppliers
When it comes to doing business with Chinese canning machinery suppliers, cultivating successful business relationships is crucial. Here are some tips to help you establish and maintain strong relationships with your Chinese suppliers:
1. Build trust: Trust is the foundation of any successful business relationship. Take the time to get to know your suppliers and their business practices. Be transparent about your expectations and communicate openly and honestly.
2. Respect cultural differences: China has a unique culture and way of doing business. Be respectful of their customs and traditions, and take the time to learn about their business practices.
3. Be patient: Doing business in China can take time. Be patient and don’t rush your suppliers. Building a successful business relationship takes time and effort.
4. Communicate clearly: Communication is key to any successful business relationship. Make sure you communicate clearly and effectively with your suppliers. Use simple language and avoid using idioms or slang that may be difficult to understand.
5. Be flexible: Chinese suppliers may have different ways of doing things. Be flexible and willing to adapt to their way of doing business. This will help you build a stronger relationship with your suppliers.
6. Visit China: If possible, visit your suppliers in China. This will help you build a stronger relationship with them and gain a better understanding of their business practices.
By following these tips, you can cultivate successful business relationships with your Chinese canning machinery suppliers. Remember, building strong relationships takes time and effort, but the rewards are worth it.
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations in canning machinery for sale Manufacturing
Sustainability and environmental considerations are becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing industry, including canning machinery for sale. The production of canning machinery requires the use of various materials, energy, and resources, which can have a significant impact on the environment. Therefore, manufacturers are now focusing on developing sustainable and eco-friendly canning machinery to reduce their environmental footprint.
One of the ways manufacturers are achieving sustainability in canning machinery production is by using recycled materials. Recycled materials, such as steel and aluminum, can be used to manufacture canning machinery parts. This reduces the need for virgin materials, which require more energy and resources to produce. Additionally, manufacturers are using eco-friendly coatings and finishes that are free from harmful chemicals and reduce the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the environment.
Another way manufacturers are promoting sustainability in canning machinery production is by reducing energy consumption. This can be achieved by using energy-efficient motors, optimizing production processes, and implementing energy-saving technologies. For instance, some canning machinery manufacturers are using regenerative braking systems that capture and reuse energy that would otherwise be lost during the production process.
Furthermore, manufacturers are also focusing on reducing waste and emissions in canning machinery production. This can be achieved by implementing waste reduction strategies, such as recycling and reusing materials, and reducing the use of hazardous chemicals. Additionally, manufacturers are using advanced technologies, such as computer-aided design (CAD) and simulation software, to optimize production processes and reduce emissions.
In conclusion, sustainability and environmental considerations are becoming increasingly important in canning machinery production. Manufacturers are now focusing on developing sustainable and eco-friendly canning machinery to reduce their environmental footprint. This includes using recycled materials, reducing energy consumption, and reducing waste and emissions. By adopting these sustainable practices, manufacturers can not only reduce their environmental impact but also improve their bottom line by reducing costs and increasing efficiency.
The Evolution and Market Trends in canning machinery for sale Industry
The canning machinery for sale industry has undergone significant evolution and market trends over the years. The industry has experienced a shift from manual canning processes to automated and computerized systems. This shift has been driven by the need for increased efficiency, speed, and accuracy in the canning process.
One of the significant market trends in the canning machinery for sale industry is the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. These technologies include the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML). The integration of these technologies into canning machinery has enabled real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and improved quality control.
Another market trend in the canning machinery for sale industry is the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly packaging solutions. This demand has led to the development of canning machinery that uses recyclable materials and reduces waste. Additionally, the industry has seen the adoption of energy-efficient canning machinery that reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions.
The canning machinery for sale industry has also experienced a shift towards customization and flexibility. Customers are increasingly demanding canning machinery that can handle a variety of products and packaging sizes. As a result, manufacturers are developing canning machinery that can be easily reconfigured to meet different customer needs.
In conclusion, the canning machinery for sale industry has undergone significant evolution and market trends over the years. The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies, sustainable packaging solutions, customization, and flexibility are some of the trends that are shaping the industry’s future. Manufacturers in the industry must continue to innovate and adapt to meet the changing needs of customers and the market.
The Role of Agents and Sourcing Companies in Facilitating canning machinery for sale Purchases from China
Agents and sourcing companies play a crucial role in facilitating canning machinery purchases from China. These entities act as intermediaries between the buyers and the manufacturers, helping to bridge the gap in communication, language, and cultural barriers.
One of the primary roles of agents and sourcing companies is to identify reliable and trustworthy manufacturers of canning machinery in China. They have an extensive network of contacts and can leverage their relationships to find the best suppliers for their clients. This saves buyers the time and effort of searching for manufacturers themselves, which can be a daunting task, especially for those who are unfamiliar with the Chinese market.
Agents and sourcing companies also help buyers navigate the complexities of the Chinese market, including language barriers, cultural differences, and legal requirements. They can provide valuable insights into the local business environment, including market trends, pricing, and regulatory issues. This helps buyers make informed decisions and avoid costly mistakes.
In addition, agents and sourcing companies can help buyers negotiate favorable terms with manufacturers, including pricing, payment terms, and delivery schedules. They can also assist with quality control and inspection, ensuring that the canning machinery meets the buyer’s specifications and standards.
Overall, agents and sourcing companies play a critical role in facilitating canning machinery purchases from China. They provide valuable services that help buyers navigate the complexities of the Chinese market, identify reliable manufacturers, negotiate favorable terms, and ensure quality control. By working with these entities, buyers can save time, reduce risk, and achieve their business objectives more efficiently.
How to use import and export data website importyeti.com to search the company and canning machinery for sale
ImportYeti.com is a website that provides import and export data for businesses. It can be used to search for companies and products that are being imported or exported. In this case, we will use ImportYeti.com to search for canning machinery for sale.
To begin, go to ImportYeti.com and create an account. Once you have logged in, you can start your search by entering the keywords “canning machinery” in the search bar. This will bring up a list of companies that are importing or exporting canning machinery.
You can then narrow down your search by using the filters on the left-hand side of the page. For example, you can filter by country, date range, and product type. This will help you find the most relevant results for your search.
Once you have found a company that is selling canning machinery, you can use ImportYeti.com to get more information about the company. This includes their contact information, shipping details, and other relevant data.
Overall, ImportYeti.com is a useful tool for businesses that are looking to import or export products. It provides valuable data that can help you find the right suppliers and customers for your business. By using the filters and search tools on the website, you can quickly and easily find the information you need to make informed decisions about your business.
How to use Chinese Business Search Platform: qcc.com to check canning machinery for sale company credit
Qcc.com is a Chinese business search platform that provides information on companies registered in China. It is a useful tool for individuals and businesses looking to verify the creditworthiness of a company before engaging in any business transactions. Here’s how to use qcc.com to check the credit of a canning machinery for sale company:
1. Go to qcc.com and enter the name of the canning machinery for sale company in the search bar. You can also search by the company’s registration number or the name of its legal representative.
2. Once you find the company, click on its profile to view its basic information, including its registered address, business scope, and legal status.
3. To check the company’s credit, click on the “Credit Report” tab. This will provide you with a detailed report on the company’s creditworthiness, including its credit rating, credit limit, and payment history.
4. You can also view the company’s financial information, including its revenue, profit, and assets, by clicking on the “Financial Report” tab.
5. Qcc.com also provides information on the company’s shareholders, directors, and other key personnel, as well as any legal disputes or violations it may have been involved in.
6. Finally, you can use qcc.com to verify the authenticity of the company’s business license and other registration documents by clicking on the “Certificate Verification” tab.
In conclusion, qcc.com is a valuable resource for anyone looking to do business with a canning machinery for sale company in China. By using the platform to check the company’s credit and verify its registration documents, you can make informed decisions and avoid potential risks.
Overcoming Challenges and Facilitation of Sourcing canning machinery for sale from China
Sourcing canning machinery for sale from China can be a challenging task due to various factors such as language barriers, cultural differences, and lack of knowledge about the Chinese market. However, with the right approach and strategies, these challenges can be overcome, and the process can be facilitated.
One of the first steps to overcome these challenges is to find a reliable and trustworthy supplier. This can be done by conducting thorough research, checking online reviews, and asking for referrals from other businesses. It is also essential to communicate effectively with the supplier and establish a good working relationship.
Another challenge is ensuring that the canning machinery meets the required standards and regulations. This can be achieved by working with a reputable third-party inspection company that can conduct quality checks and provide certification.
Language barriers can also be a significant challenge when sourcing canning machinery from China. To overcome this, it is essential to work with a supplier who has a good command of English or hire a translator to facilitate communication.
Finally, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the Chinese market and culture. This can be achieved by conducting market research and understanding the business practices and customs in China.
In conclusion, sourcing canning machinery for sale from China can be a challenging task, but with the right approach and strategies, these challenges can be overcome. By finding a reliable supplier, ensuring quality standards, overcoming language barriers, and understanding the Chinese market, businesses can successfully source canning machinery from China.
FAQs on Sourcing and Manufacturing canning machinery for sale in China
1. What are the benefits of sourcing canning machinery from China?
China is known for its cost-effective manufacturing capabilities, which can help businesses save money on production costs. Additionally, China has a large pool of skilled labor and advanced technology, which can result in high-quality canning machinery.
2. How can I find reliable canning machinery manufacturers in China?
There are several ways to find reliable canning machinery manufacturers in China, including attending trade shows, searching online directories, and working with a sourcing agent. It is important to thoroughly research potential manufacturers and check their certifications and references before making a purchase.
3. What are the common types of canning machinery available in China?
Common types of canning machinery available in China include can filling machines, can sealing machines, can labeling machines, and canning production lines.
4. How can I ensure the quality of canning machinery manufactured in China?
To ensure the quality of canning machinery manufactured in China, it is important to work with a reputable manufacturer and conduct thorough quality control inspections before shipment. It is also recommended to request samples and test the machinery before making a large purchase.
5. What are the payment terms for canning machinery manufactured in China?
Payment terms for canning machinery manufactured in China can vary depending on the manufacturer and the size of the order. Common payment terms include 30% deposit and 70% balance payment before shipment, or payment through a letter of credit. It is important to negotiate payment terms before making a purchase.
